Health professionals offer cool advice Published May 8, 2012 By Airman 1st Class Lincoln Korver Joint Base San Antonio-Randolph Public Affairs JOINT BASE SAN ANTONIO-RANDOLPH, Texas -- Anyone who has gone through Basic Military Training knows how seriously the instructors take "hydrating," but do the trainees really know why they are forced to drink water on what seems like a minutely basis? The human body's main goal is to maintain homeostasis, or balance, in all aspects of function. This includes maintaining a constant core internal temperature. When that is disturbed, compensatory mechanisms are used in order to recover homeostasis. Two main ways the body tries to combat overheating is by increasing blood flow to the skin's surface in order to dissipate heat or by releasing sweat through pores to cause conventional cooling. "When cooling mechanisms begin to decompensate, the results can be catastrophic if not dealt with early on," Dr. Peter Paily, Joint Base San Antonio-Randolph Family Medical Care Clinic, said. "This can develop into heat illness." There are three types, he said. Heat cramps are painful involuntary contractions usually developed in large muscle groups including the arms, legs and trunk. They come from dehydration and an extreme loss of electrolytes. If the body does not receive proper treatment, this can lead to heat exhaustion. Symptoms of heat exhaustion can include rapid heart rate, fatigue, muscle weakness, nausea and vomiting, headaches, blurred vision and possible fainting, Paily said. If these symptoms are not taken seriously, heat exhaustion can lead to heat stroke. This is a complete breakdown of the body's cooling system, he said. Common symptoms include body temperature surpassing 103 degrees; a stopping of sweat production; dry, flushed and red skin; headaches; weakness; lightheadedness and fainting; rapid pulse; shortness of breath; seizures; confusion; hallucinations; and unconsciousness. "This is a medical emergency that can lead to death," Paily said. "Call 911 immediately and move the victim to a cool area, cool them with water and loosen constrictive clothing." Although people of all age groups are at risk of getting heat illness, there are specific things that can make certain people more susceptible to it, Brenda Wallsmith, Randolph Family Care Clinic registered nurse, said. Four thousand Americans die from a heat-related illness each year, Paily said. "Those at greatest risk for heat-related illness include infants and children up to 4 years of age, people 65 years of age and older, people who are overweight and people who are ill or on certain medications," Wallsmith said. For something as serious as heat illness, a person might be surprised by how simple precautionary actions can be. To prevent heat illness, people should stay hydrated; wear loose, light colored clothing; get proper rest; and stay committed to having a healthy diet, Paily said. "In conclusion," he said, "heat-related illnesses, especially in south Texas, should not be taken lightly, as symptoms can creep up on you faster than you think. So simply staying hydrated and taking precautions can prevent a fatal outcome from heat-related illness."